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Sugarcane smut
Sugarcane smut is a fungal disease of sugarcane caused by the fungus ''Sporisorium scitamineum''. The disease is known as culmicolous, which describes the outgrowth of fungus of the stalk on the cane. It attacks several sugarcane species and has been reported to occur on a few other grass species as well, but not to a critical amount. The most recognizable characteristic of this disease is a black or gray growth that is referred to as a "smut whip".〔Comstock, J. C. and Lentini, R. S. (Sugarcane Smut Disease ), University of Florida.〕 Resistance to sugarcane smut is the best course of action for management, but also the use of disease free seed is important. On smaller scale operations treatments using hot water and removing infected plants can be effective. The main mode of spore dispersal is the wind but the disease also spreads through the use of infected cuttings. Sugarcane smut is a devastating disease in sugarcane growing areas globally.〔"Information Sheet ISO6052." BSES Sugarcane for the Future. Queensland Government: Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2006. Web. 5 Oct. 2011. == Hosts and symptoms ==
Sugarcane smut infects all sugarcane species unless the species is resistant. The damage caused depends on the susceptibility of the species. Sugarcane fields are planted using vegetative cuttings from mother plants so they have the same genetic make-up of the parent plant. Seeds are not used in propagation because sugarcane is a multi-species hybrid and therefore is difficult to breed.〔Baucum, L. E., R. W. Rice, and T. J. Schueneman. "AnOverview of Florida Sugarcane." Science Daily: News & Articles in Science, Health, Environment & Technology. University of Florida. Web. 10 Dec. 2011. .〕 Sugarcane smuts can also infect some other grass species outside of sugarcane. However, mostly it remains on plants of the genus Saccharum.
Two to four months after the fungus has infected the plant, black whip-like structures, instead of a spindle leaf, emerge from the meristem, or growing point, of the plant. The developing whip is a mixture of plant tissue and fungal tissue. The whip reaches maturity between the sixth and the seventh month. When spores that are contained inside the whip are released, the core of the whip remains behind and is a straw-like color.〔"Information Sheet ISO6052." BSES Sugarcane for the Future. Queensland Government: Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2006. Web. 5 Oct. 2011. .〕
Plants infected with the fungus usually appear to have thin stalks and are often stunted. They end up tillering much more than normal and this results in leaves that are more slender and much weaker. They sometimes appear more grass-like than non-infected plants. Less common symptoms of the disease are stem or leaf galls and proliferating buds.〔Que Youxiong, Xu Liping, Lin Jianwei, Ruan Miaohong, Zhang Muqing and Chen Rukai. "Differential Protein Expression in Sugarcane during Sugarcane-Sporisorium Scitamineum Interaction Revealed by 2-DE and MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS." Comparative and Functional Genomic (2011): 1-10. Web. 26 Oct. 2011.〕
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